The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay

The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay OPNET Modeller is the network development software. OPNET permits design and learn communication networks, devices, protocols, and application. OPNETs object-oriented modelling stylishness and graphical user interface (GUI) let easy of developing models from the real world network, hardware devices, and protocols. Modeller supports all major network forms and technologies, permitting you to design and test various situations. (Opnet) Introduction I have deliberated various Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless local Area (WLAN) Networks. To choose the best one surrounded by the existing protocols, it is necessary to have a network model scenario and some performance metrics on the basis of which they can be assessed. In this paper, various metrics for comparing the performance of MAC protocols and a network model to carry out simulation is discussed. At the end of this chapter, results obtained from the simulation in the form of graphs will be presented. DCF EDCF Metrics Picking the correct metrics or parameters in the evaluation of the QoS (Quality of Service) mechanisms is vital to the result and rationality of the evaluation. The metrics used are Throughput, Access Delay, and End to End Delay in case of real-time multimedia traffic like VoIP, Video streaming (Video conferencing), response time in case of Telnet or Remote Login; type applications which cannot tolerate delay and loss of data. Retransmission Attempts in case a station does not get a chance due to internal collision. The following list below is the item of metrics used: Throughput The Throughput for different priority levels shows how well the QoS schemes can provide service differentiation between the various priorities. The Throughput of all stations shows the utilization of the wireless medium. Wireless bandwidth is a scarce resource, so efficient use of it is vital. Media Access Delay We measure access delay as the time from when the data reaches the MAC layer until it is successfully transmitted out on the wireless medium. The reason for studying average access delay is that many real-time applications have a maximum tolerable delay, after which the data will be useless. Therefore, it is important to provide low delay for real-time flows. Retransmission Attempts Total number of Retransmission Attempts by all Wireless Local Area Network MACs in the network until either packet is successfully transmitted or it is discarded as a result of reaching short or long retry limit. For 802.11e-capable MACs, the Retransmission Attempt counts recorded under this statistic also include retry count increments due to internal collisions. This factor plays important role in Performance of WLAN. Data Dropped Data Dropped due to unavailability of access to medium. This factor largely affects the reliability of WLAN. Simulation Scenario Creating a simulation scenario that is corresponding to real world scenario is the first step of simulation. In this simulation, the wireless topology consisted of several wireless stations and one base station in the wireless LAN. The base station was connected to a wired node (Figure 2.1) which serves as a sink for the flows from the wireless domain. All wireless stations are located such that every station is able to detect a transmission from any other station, and there is no mobility in the system. This means our results will not be impacted by mobility and phenomenon such as the hidden node problem. Figure 2.1 Wi-Fi network models The simulation experiments are carried out using OPNET Simulator version 9.1 on Windows XP SP3. For this simulation, a data rate of 11 Mbps is chosen. Various MAC and PHY (Physical Layer of OSI) parameter values used in our experiment are according to IEEE 802.11e default values given in Table 2.1. We have run the simulation for 5 minutes for each scenario, and then compared the results obtained from them. Figure 2.1 shows a network model for the experiment. Table 2.1: MAC and PHY parameter values used in Experiment ATTRIBUTE VALUE Physical Characteristics Direct Sequence Data Rate (bps) 11 Mbps Transmit Power (W) 0.005 Buffer Size (bits) 256000 BSS Identifier Auto Assigned Channel settings Auto Assigned Roaming Capability Disabled AP Beacon Interval (secs) 0.02 Large Packet Processing Drop Simulation Method To compare the performance of DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) and EDCF (Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function) two scenarios were created; medium access in first scenario was supported by DCF and in second, EDCF protocol was used at the MAC layer. Network environment factors which were used as a benchmark configured same for both scenarios. Detailed specifications are given in the Table 2.1 showing the MAC and PHY parameters used in experiment. The performance evaluation is done by simulating both scenarios one by one in OPNET simulator and then comparing the graphs obtained. Results After choosing metrics, the simulation is done for 5 minutes for a scenario. Then results were gathered. Analysis of EDCF In case of EDCF, all four traffic classes were fed into the MAC layer from higher layer, which are corresponding to AC (0), AC (1), AC (2) and AC (3) respectively to check how efficient the new protocol is to provide service differentiation required for real time application. (Note that DCF does not support service differentiation, so no provision of Access category). For this, in the application profile of scenario (for EDCF protocol) different application was configured for different access category. Details are shown in the Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Access Category corresponding to an application ACCESS CATEGORY APPLICATION CONFIGURED DESIGNATION AC(0) HTTP (LIGHT) BACKGROUND AC(1) REMOTE LOGIN (HEAVY) EXCELLENT EFFORT AC(2) VIDEO CONFERENCING INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AC(3) VOIP INTERACTIVE VOICE In the profile configuration, a profile for clients was configured that uses all the four applications. In simulation scenario, 15 stations were configured to use these services randomly. In the simulation, we assumed that each traffic class has the equal portion of the total data traffic in terms of the average number of packets generated per unit time. The results obtained are as follows: Throughput of Different Access Categories Figure 4.2 Throughputs of Different Access Categories It is observed from figure 4.2 that the Throughput of Access category 3 is way high than the Access category 0 and 1. Throughput for Access category 2 lies in between 3 and 1. It means that Throughput for applications like Voice over IP and Video conferencing, EDCF provides maximum Throughput by providing them more priority over the other services like simple HTTP. Media Access Delay for Different Access Categories Figure 4.3 Wireless LAN Media Access Delay It is observed from figure 4.3 that the Media Access Delay for Access category 3 is at minimum among all Access categories. Media Access Delay for Access category 2 is just 3 to 4 seconds more than AC (3). It means that the medium is assigned to the application according to the priority. Thus, EDCF provides lesser Medium Access Delay for real-time applications. Comparative Analysis of DCF and EDCF Next step is to check the performance of both protocols in terms of Throughput, Media Access Delay, Retransmission Attempts and Data Dropped. These four metrics are determining factors in terms of overall performance of both the protocols. Throughput Figure 4.4 Throughput of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.4 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Throughput of both DCF and EDCF is high, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Throughput in first 30 seconds is high due to less number of Retransmission Attempts (less number of backoffs). From Graph analysis, one fact is clearly visible, that curve of DCF is marginally higher than that of EDCF. We can conclude that DCFs overall Throughput is somewhat more than the EDCF. Retransmission Attempts Figure 4.5 Retransmission Attempts of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.5 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Retransmission Attempts for both DCF and EDCF are less, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Retransmission Attempts in first 30 seconds are less due to less number of backoffs assigned to wireless stations. There is a small noticeable difference between curves of Retransmission Attempts of DCF and EDCF protocol. That small difference implies that the overall Retransmission Attempts made in DCF protocols are a bit lesser than EDCF protocol. Media Access Delay Figure 4.6 Media Access Delay of DCF vs. EDCF In Figure 4.6, for the first minute of simulation the Medium Access Delay for both protocols increases at equal pace, and then after that, DCF suffers somewhat lesser Access Delay than EDCF. The increase in the Medium Access Delay for both protocols is due to increase in the number of nodes competing to gain access of medium. Data Dropped Figure 4.7 amount of Data Dropped of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.7 that the first 30 seconds of simulation, DCF suffers a sudden high Data Drop, but Data Drop in EDCF increases gradually. The reason of varying Data Drop gradually in EDCF is the service differentiation which provides priority based scheme to handle different kind of data. After 2.5 minutes of simulation, curves of Data Dropped of DCF and EDCF remain same for both protocols, EDCF finishes at less Data Dropped than DCF. Conclusions Conclusion The results obtained from simulation shows that Enhanced Distribution Coordination Function provides efficient mechanism for service differentiation and hence provides quality of service to the Wireless LAN. However, this improvement comes at a cost of a decrease in quality of the lower priority traffic up to the point of starvation. The acquisition of the radio channel by the higher priority traffic is much more aggressive than for the lower priority. Higher priority traffic benefited, while lower priority traffic suffered. In terms of overall performance (under the used simulation conditions in this particular study of QoS of Wireless LAN), DCF performs marginally well than EDCF. This happens due to reason that in EDCF mechanism, each AC function acts like a virtual station for medium access, so more collision will be expected for EDCF scenario. But in terms of Quality of Service for real-time applications (like Video conferencing) EDCF outperforms DCF. EDCF has been purposed as the medium access control protocol for IEEEs upcoming standard IEEE 802.11e. Presently, all of the wireless devices use DCF as the default MAC protocol and PCF as the optional functionality.

What tree did you fall from? :: essays research papers

> >What tree did you fall from? Find your birthday, find your tree and then > >scroll down... This is really cool and somewhat accurate, also in line > with > >Celtic astrology. > >Jan 01 to Jan 11 - Fir Tree > >Jan 12 to Jan 24 - Elm Tree > >Jan 25 to Feb 03 - Cypress Tree > >Feb 04 to Feb 08 - Poplar Tree > >Feb 09 to Feb 18 - Cedar Tree > >Feb 19 to Feb 28 - Pine Tree > >Mar 01 to Mar 10 - Weeping Willow Tree > >Mar 11 to Mar 20 - Lime Tree > >Mar 21 - Oak Tree > >Mar 22 to Mar 31 - Hazelnut Tree > >Apr 01 to Apr 10 - Rowan Tree > >Apr 11 to Apr 20 - Maple Tree > >Apr 21 to Apr 30 - Walnut Tree > >May 01 to May 14 - Poplar Tree > >May 15 to May 24 - Chestnut Tree > >May 25 to Jun 03 - Ash Tree > >Jun 04 to Jun 13 - Hornbeam Tree > >Jun 14 to Jun 23 - Fig Tree > >Jun 24 - Birch Tree > >Jun 25 to Jul 04 - Apple Tree > >Jul 05 to Jul 14 - Fir Tree > >Jul 15 to Jul 25 - Elm Tree > >Jul 26 to Aug 04 - Cypress Tree > >Aug 05 to Aug 13 - Poplar Tree > >Aug 14 to Aug 23 - Cedar Tree > >Aug 24 to Sep 02 - Pine Tree > >Sep 03 to Sep 12 - Weeping Willow Tree > >Sep 13 to Sep 22 - Lime Tree > >Sep 23 - Olive Tree > >Sep 24 to Oct 03 - Hazelnut Tree > >Oct 04 to Oct 13 - Rowan Tree > >Oct 14 to Oct 23 - Maple Tree > >Oct 24 to Nov 11 - Walnut Tree > >Nov 12 to Nov 21 - Chestnut Tree > >Nov 22 to Dec 01 - Ash Tree > >Dec 02 to Dec 11 - Hornbeam Tree > >Dec 12 to Dec 21 - Fig Tree > >Dec 22 - Beech Tree > >Dec 23 to Dec 31 - Apple Tree > >APPLE TREE (Love) - of slight build, lots of charm, appeal, and > attraction, > >pleasant aura, flirtatious, adventurous, sensitive, always in love, wants > to > >love and be loved, faithful and tender partner, very generous, scientific > >talents, lives for today, a carefree philosopher with imagination. > >ASH TREE (Ambition) - uncommonly attractive, vivacious, impulsive, > demanding, > >does not care for criticism, ambitious, intelligent, talented, likes to > play > >with fate, can be egotistic, very reliable and trustworthy, faithful and > >prudent lover, sometimes brains rule over the heart, but

The Largest Earthquake in the World

The largest earthquake in the world had a magnitude of 9. 5 and took place in Chile. The Valdivia Earthquake, also know as the Great Chilean Earthquake, happened on Sunday, May 22, 1960. It is the largest earthquake currently on record. It occured in the afternoon and the resulting tsunami affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The epicenter of the Valdivia earthquake was near Lumaco, a coastal city with a population of roughly 11,405.Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published, with the USGS citing studies with figures of 2,231; 3,000; or 5,700 killed, and another source uses an estimate of 6,000 dead. An estimated cost of 2. 9 to 5. 8 billion in damage. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake was actually just a series of many strong earthquakes from May 21 to June 6,1960. The first was the Concepcion earthquake and the strongest was the Valdivia earthquake. The first Concepcion earthquake was on May 21,1960.Its epicenter was near Curanilahue. The second and third Concepcion earthquakes occurred a few hours apart from each other on May 22. The Valdivia earthquake occurred on May 22. This earthquake affected all of Chile between Talca and Chiloe Island, more than 150,000 sq mi. Most coastal villages disappeared. At Corral, the main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 13 ft before it began to recede. A wave of 26 ft struck the Chilean coast, mainly between Concepcion and Chiloe. Ten minutes later another wave measuring 33 ft was reported.Hundreds of people were already reported dead by the time the tsunami struck. One ship, Canelos, starting at the mouth of Valdivia River sank after being moved 0. 93 mi backward and forward in the river; its mast is still visible today. A number of Spanish-colonial forts were completely destroyed. Soil subsidence also destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands in places like the Rio Cruces and Chorocomayo, a new aquatic park north of the city. Extensive areas of the city were flooded.The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. Witnesses reported underground water flowing up through the soil. Despite the heavy rains of May 21, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength. The two most affected areas were Valdivia and Puerto Octay near the northwest corner Llanquihue Lake.East of Puerto Octay in a hotel in Todos los Santos Lake piles of plates were reported to have remained in place. Two days after the earthquake a volcanic vent erupted. Other volcanoes may also have erupted, but none were recorded due to the lack of communication in Chile at the time. The relatively low death toll in Chile, estimated at 6,000, is explained in part by the low population density and by buildings being built taking into account that the region has many earthquakes and volcano eruptions.Other possible reasons include a high number of wooden houses and that coastal towns also tended to be located on higher ground. After the eruption, began the landslides. The earthquake triggered many landslides, mostly near the Andes. These landslides did not cause many fatalities nor significant economical losses because most of the areas were uninhabited with only minor roads. One landslide did cause destruction and alarm following its blockage of the outflow of Rinihue Lake.About 100 km south of Rinihue Lake, landslides in the mountains around Golgol River caused this river to dam up and then burst creating a flood down to Puyehue Lake. The Valdivia earthquake led to the formation of the ONEMI. ONEMI is the Spanish acronym for National Emergency and Information Office. ONEMI helps solve problems after earthquakes, large or small. The Valvidia earthquake was also referenced in two fictional novels, and the tsunami following the earthquake was referenced in a Hawaii Five-O episode titled â€Å"Forty Feet High and it Kills! â€Å".

Odd and Even Pricing

Odd and Even Pricing Introduction Firms are established with the goal of maximizing the level of their profitability. However, the attainment of this goal might be subject to diverse macro environmental changes. For example, the intensity of competition may shrink a firm’s profitability potential. Additionally, changes in the economic environment may affect the consumers’ purchasing power.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these market dynamics, managers should have an obligation to ensure that their businesses attain an optimal market position, which highlights the significance of adopting effective strategic management practice. One of the aspects that managers should consider in an effort to promote their firms’ competitive advantage relates to pricing. Caplin and Leahy (80) argue that a significant proportion of firms have not incorporated prici ng in their strategic framework. Therefore, the prices of their products are based on naive pricing rules. Price is a critical component that organizational managers should consider in their effort to influence the consumers’ decision-making process. Choi, Kiljae, and Yong-Yeon (603) emphasize that consumers are very sensitive to price. Despite their level of sensitivity, the consumers’ purchasing decision is motivated by the need to maximize their level of utility. This aspect underscores why firms should adopt an optimal pricing format in order to attract and retain customers, hence increasing the profit maximization potential. This paper evaluates the concept of pricing format by focusing on the odd and even pricing formats. Moreover, the relevant theories that support the two pricing formats are also assessed. In this study, it is assumed that the price ending strategy does not communicate the quality of the product. Literature review Analysis Previous studies have led to the development of different theories in an effort to explain consumer behaviors. Some of these theories include the prospect, expected utility, and the cumulative prospect theories.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The expected utility theory This theory postulates that consumers face risky prospects and uncertainties in their purchasing decision-making process. The risky outcomes emanate from the view that they are faced by a wide range bundles of goods and services from which they are required to select. Thus, their decision-making process is undertaken by assessing the expected utility values, which refers to the degree of consumer preference. Consequently, if the utility of product A is greater than that of product B [U (A)U (B)], then the consumer will prefer product A to B. Under conditions of uncertainty, the consumers’ choice is base d on the expected utility, which is a summation of all possible (n) utilities with regard to the various outcomes (Oi).The model below illustrates the formula of the expected utilities. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65). The prospect theory This theory emphasizes the psychological component of consumer choice. The theory is based on the element of uncertainity in the consumers’ purchasing process. The theory contends that consumers follow two main stages in making decisions involving risky options. The first phase is characterized by editing or simplification of the situation faced by assesing the associated gains and losses. For example, the decision to purchase a car worth $ 20,000 may be simplified into gaining the automobile and losing the $ 20,000. However, the process of simplifying the purchase decision varies from one situation to another. This aspect means that the prospect is influenced by the situational circumstances. Caplin and Leahy (63) assert that the consumersâ €™ purchasing decision is based the edited prospects. Subsquently, the process followed in editing the prospects is fundamental in determining the consumers’ purchasing decision.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second phase entails making a choice on the most effective options available. The choice of the edited options is influenced by the weight and the apparent value of the options. Consumers select the option that has the highest combined value. Therefore, the prospect theory emphasizes the importance of establishing a reference point. According to the prospect theory, the value of a particular product is determined by comparing with that of another. The cumulative prospect theory This theory is an improvement of the expected utility theory. Nielson and Stowe (31) assert that this theory is comprized of three critical components. The f irst component entails the value function, which takes into account the gains associated with selecting a particular product. The second component entails the loss aversion function. Nielson and Stowe assert that the loss aversion function â€Å"tranforms utilities over gains into utilities over corresponding losses† (32). Under this function, consumers are risk seeking over losses and risk averse over gains. The third component entails the weighing function. According to the cumulative prospect theory, consumers are more concerned about losses than gains associated with purchasing a particular product. Furthermore, the cumulative prospective theory asserts that consumers have diverse risk attitude. The following model describes the cumulative prospect theory of a risky outcome, where p= probability, v= the value function, w= weighing function, and F (x) is the cumulative probabilities all values up to x. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing formats Marketers are cognizant of the view that effective product pricing plays a fundamental role in maximizing revenue, and hence the level of profitability. Furthermore, marketers have the capacity to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision by adopting effective pricing strategies. One of the marketing strategies that have extensively been utilized by marketers is psychological pricing strategy. The decision to adopt this pricing strategy arises from the need to â€Å"appeal the consumers’ emotions and perceptions in their purchase decisions of odd-end pricing include $3.99 and $3.95, which is just below $4.00. On the other hand, even pricing strategy, refers to a pricing strategy whereby the price point of a product is set at a whole number, for example $4. Even-end pricing strategy is not as attractive amongst retailers as compared to odd-end pricing. This assertion arises from the view that even-end pricing is not effective in enhancing market comm unication, hence its ineffectiveness in influencing the consumers’ purchasing decision (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 2). Odd-end pricing is one of the most common psychological pricing strategies amongst marketers. Findings of previous studies show that the probability of consumers purchasing products whose prices end with a 9 is higher as compared to products whose prices end with 0, for example $ 99.99 versus $ 100.00 (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 1). However, the effectiveness of odd-end pricing varies between utilitarian and hedonic produts. Hedonic products mainly incude luxuries while utilitarian products refer to the necesities. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) are of the opinion that odd-ending pricing is more effective in influencing the consumers’ decision to purchase hedonic products as compared to utilitarian products. Consumers consider odd-end pricing as a way of communicating the price discount bei ng offered. Consumers develop the perception that purchasing a product whose price is set using odd-end pricing is equivalent to recieving a price discount of the amount subtracted from the nearest whole number. Thus, odd-end pricing is effective in communicating the unexpected gains associated with purchasing the product. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra assert that odd-end pricing â€Å"is characterized by a high degree of pursuasiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages† (3). Additionally, Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (2) assert that odd-end pricing plays a fundamental role in stimulating the demand for a product. According to Schindler (Relative price level 245), odd-end pricing communicates low price to consumers. Retailers are increasingly exploiting rightmost digits in an effort to indicate the competitiveness of their products to consumers. Schindler (The 99 price ending 74) is of the opinion that odd-end pricing has a positi ve effect on a firm’s revenue. The effectiveness of odd-end pricing arises from the view that this pricing strategy is effective in communicating a positive image regarding the price of the product to consumers. Schindler and Kibarian (95) are of the view that using odd-end pricing is likeliy to minimize price sensitivity amongst consumers. Furthermore, odd-end pricing communicates that consumers are not likely to find the product being sold at another outlet at a price lower than the price being offered. Therefore, the 99 ending pricing strategy is the most effective in communicatig the strongest expectations of recieving a product at a low price. Relationship between price ending and consumer choice theory According to the prospect theory, the consumers’ choice of a product is based on a reference point. This assertion means that consumers are faced by a bundle of goods from which they are required to select the product that will result in utility maximization. Despi te the view that consumers aim at maximizing utility, they are constrained by their budget. Consequently, they tend to select a bundle of goods that results in maximum utility. The use of odd-end pricing such as the 9-ending communicates that the retailer is issuing a discount to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer develops the perception that purchasing a product with odd-end pricing will enhance the likelihood of achieving the expected level of utility. One of the core components of the prospect theory is the value function. Using odd-end pricing as opposed to 0-ending plays a fundamental role in communicating the gains associated with purchasing a given product. The expectation of recieving a gain from purchasing a product ending with 9 improves the consumers’ perception of the product, which is referred to as the percieved-gain effect. However, the gain recieved is disproportionate to the percieved discount (Schindler and Kirby 193). Conclusion Consumers are price-sensi tive in the thier purchasing process. Therefore, price is one of factors that they evaluate before making a purchasing decision. Despite this aspect, retailers have an opportunity to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision-making process. This goal can be achieved by adopting effecitve pricing strategies. Retailers should consider pricing as a critical aspect in thier strategic framework. Psychological pricing is one of the most effective strategies that retailers can adopt in thier quest to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. The effectiveness of psychological pricing strategy arises from its ability to influence the consumers’ perception on the price point. Odd-end pricing strategy has extensively been used by marketers in an effort to influence the consumers’ purchase decizion. The above analysis shows that odd end pricing is effective in communicating value and expected gains to customers, which underscores the principles of the expecte d utility theory. Through odd-end pricing, consumers develop the perception that the set price has taken into account the discount. Thus, consumers assume that the difference between the price point and the nearest roundoff figure is equal to the price discount offered. Furthermore, odd-end pricing is aligned with the prospect theory, which argues that consumers are required to select the products that will result in utility maximization. However, the consumers’ choice of the bundle of goods is influenced by the price of the product. Therefore, consumers select a particular product based on the price, which acts as the reference point. The analysis above shows that pricing is an important element that retailers should consider in their strategic management practices. The pricing strategy adopted determines the extent to which the firm influences the consumers’ purchasing decision, and hence the likelihood of achieving the profit maximization objective. Caplin, Andrew, and John Leahy. â€Å"Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2.2(2001): 59-80. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Lee Kiljae, and Ji Yong-Yeon. â€Å"What type of framing message is more appropriate with nine-ending pricing.† Mark Lett 23.1 (2013): 603-614. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Li, Rangan Priyamvadha, Rangan Promothesh, and Singh Surendra. â€Å"The odd-ending price justification effect: the influence of price ending on hedonic and utilitarian consumption.† Journal of the Academic Marketing Science 2.2(2014): 1-13. Print. Chovancova, Asamoah. â€Å"The influence of price endings on consumer behaviour; an application of the psychology of perception.† Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59.7(2011): 29-39. Print. Nielson, William, and Jill Stowe. â€Å"A further examination of cummulative prospect theory parameterizations.† The Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 24.1(2002): 31-46. Print. Schindler, Robert. â€Å"Relative price level of 99-ending prices: image versus reality.†Ã‚  Marketing Letters 12.3 (2001): 239-247. Print. . â€Å"The 99 price ending as a signnal of a low price appeal.† Journal of Retailing  82.1 (2006): 71-77. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Patrick Kirby. â€Å"Patterns of rightmost digits used in advertized prices: implications for nine-ending effects.† Journal of Consumer Research 24.2 (2003): 192-202. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Thomas Kibarian. â€Å"Image communicated by the use of 99 ending in advertized.† Journal of Advertizing 30.4(2001): 96-112. Print.

Red Blood Cells.

Red Blood Cells. Red Blood CellsI am erythrocytes, or otherwise known as red blood cells. I have one of the most important roles in the entire body. Out of all kinds of blood cells, I am the most numerous. My job in the body is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. I contain lots of iron, which is how I transport the oxygen and carbon dioxide around. While I am floating around the blood, the iron magnetically attracts the molecules, the molecules attach to me, and then I transport them all around the body. On average, men have about 5,400,000 per cubic millimeter. Women, on the other hand, average only 4,800,000 per cubic millimeter. A single drop of blood can contain over one million of me. On average, I am about 7.5 thousands of a millimeter wide. Because my only purpose is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, when I am made, the nucleus is squeezed out of my cell.Figure 2 - Schematic of Maxwell model using one da...Macrophages that are near eat the nucleus, then break down the DNA.The only reason that I am red is because I contain a special protein chemical called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron, which is what is used to make the oxygen and molecule attach to me. If the hemoglobin were not in the cells, all of your blood would be yellow-colored. Once I pass through the body tissue, the hemoglobin releases all of the oxygen and molecules out to all of the cells. The hemoglobin that is left over then bonds with carbon dioxide, or whatever other waste gasses there are in the body, then transports it all away (Riding on the Red Road 1).One thing that is unique about me is that I am terminally differentiated. This means that I can never divide. I live for approximately...

Scandinavian Airlines System 1998 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Scandinavian Airlines System 1998 - Case Study Example Jan Carlzon has undoubtedly initialized changes, which caused a dramatic turnaround in the overall business operation of the airline system. These changes were carried out in response to the problems that beset SAS and the entire airline industry as a whole. These changes were also geared to adapt to the rapidly changing external environment and trends in the transportation sector. Among the new strategies implemented by SAS during the presidency of Jan Carlzon was focusing on the business traveler. The airline has evolved as the "businessman's airline, " offering an excellent service to full-paying business traveler through the introduction of "EuroClass" that provides more amenities than the other business class airlines at the level of the old economy fare. This was further strengthened by the improvement of flight schedules and punctuality. To provide a more attractive schedule, Eurolink was also created for short distance routes. Scanorama which feature lounges for the exclusive use of full-paying class were also introduced by the company in order to further different and highlight the luxury offered to the business traveler. In order to completely execute the new strategies, SAS has undergone a corporate cultural revolution, which was a deviation from the company's focus on resources and technology. There had been a restructuring which involved decentralization, education, and empowerment. A second wave of strategies were c... SAS has banked on its aim of being "a full service, door-to-door, travel service company," and "offer a unique product which we could control from A-Z." These have lead to the introduction of SAS International Hotels, SAS Reservation System, Credit Cards, SAS Service Partner, other related activities such as publishing and advertising, and a new group structure. We can see that in SAS major reforms, Jan Carlzon made use of both prescriptive and emergent strategies. According to Richard Lynch (2000), prescriptive strategies are those whose objectives have been defined in advance while emergent strategies refer to those strategies which has unclear objectives and whose components are developed during its course of life. As the case presented, the company has tailored its strategies to suit the changing needs of its market (Lynch, 2000). Prescriptive strategy was used in order to take into account the rapidly altering socio-cultural trends in the airline industry, thus the utilization of the socio-cultural theories of strategy. According to the case, the focus on business travelers was due to the fact that full-paying business travelers comprise the largest chunk of the airline's revenue yet the total number of passengers serviced was declining. This was prompted by the change in preferences of travelers as they seek more value for their money and change in lifestyle, which necessitated them avail service when their need arises. We can trace these changes to the transformation in the socio-cultural aspect of the European community. As the economy was facing a recession, maximization of customer's purchasing power was a priority. Also, the demands of being an executive left a busier

Work Experience as a Translator (Interpreter) Essay

Work Experience as a Translator (Interpreter) - Essay Example I worked as a translator (interpreter, in other words) during my internship at the embassy of Saudi Arabia in the United States in a medical attachà © and was responsible for translating news as well as information from English to Arabic. The internship was for two weeks during which I acquired immense knowledge about the procedures of interpreting as well as communicating information to the people of Saudi Arabia. During the internship, my task was to translate information about the medical reports of patients from English to Arabic for the Saudi Arabian people. The job of a translator or interpreter is to translate language for the purpose of convenient communication of information. There were 60 patients in the medical attachà © in the Saudi Arabian embassy of United States where I interned (Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC, â€Å"Home†). My internship as a translator or interpreter in the medical attachà © of Saudi Arabian embassy in the US helped me to gain vast knowledge about the job. My job was to interact or communicate with the overseas citizens about the patient in the embassy. I acquired knowledge regarding numerous skills pertaining to effective communication as well as the need for team work along with time management which are considered to be the essential elements for the effectiveness of the job of a translator. Individuals engaged with this job should possess good communication skills with a soft voice.