Biology Paper Describe How Blood Flows Through The Heart - 1375 Words

Biology Paper: Describe How Blood Flows Through The Heart (Reaction Paper Sample) Content: 1.Describe how blood flows through the heart.As the human heart beats, it pumps blood through the system of blood vessels known as circulatory system. These vessels are muscular and elastic to carry blood to all body parts. Blood carries oxygen from lungs and nutrients to body tissues. Moreover, it carries waste products such as carbon iv oxide away from body tissues. This generally sustain the human body tissues.The three main blood vessels for blood transport are. * Arteries: they began with aorta which is responsible for carrying blood away from the heart which is rich in oxygen to all body tissues. Their sizes become smaller and smaller as they branch delivering blood to organs further from the heart. * Veins: they take blood back to the heart which as low oxygen and rich in waste products to pass from and to the heart. Generally, veins become larger as the approach the heart. The superior vena cava is the key vein that transport blood from head and arms to the he art. Similarly, the inferior vena cava transport blood from abdomen and legs into the heart. * Capillaries: These are small, thin blood vessels that connects arteries and the veins. They have thin walls that allows oxygen, nutrient and other waste products to pass to and from our organs cells.Blood flows through the body via blood vessels. The heart acts as the pump that makes it all possible.2.What controls heart beat?Heart beat is generally controlled by the electrical impulse in the heart which causes the heart muscles to contract and expand initiating heartbeat.3How do arteries differ from veins? * Arteries carry blood from heart to rest of body parts while veins carry blood back to the heart * Almost all arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery while almost all veins carry deoxygenated blood apart from pulmonary vein. * Arteries have a thick elastic muscle layer while veins have thin layers i.e. heart pumps blood to arteries at high pressure thus the thick layer withstands the pressure while veins carry blood at low pressure. * Veins have valves while arteries have none. In arteries blood flows in the right direction since its pumped from heart at high pressure. The lower blood pressure in veins requires valves to stop it from coming back.4.what is blood pressure? what is hypertension?The blood pressure is the pressure of the circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure and is when the pressure of blood being pumped through arteries is higher than it should be.5.List factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. * Smoking * Inactivity * Diet * Stress * Alcohol consumption * Blood pressure * Cholesterol6.Identify 3 types of blood cells and their functions. * Red blood cells-They carry oxygen throughout the body and provide carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs to be exhaled. * White blood cells-The main function is to defend the body against pathogens and bacteria. * Thrombocyte s-They help the blood cells in formation of blood clots.7.what is respiration? What is ventilation?Ventilation is the movement of a volume of gas into and out of lungs.Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a membrane in lungs or cellular level.8. How is respiration different from cellular respiration?Cellular respiration involves the breaking down of food into usable energy (ATP) for an organism, while respiration usually is the intake of oxygen and the release carbon dioxide.9.Outline the pathway of a breath of air from the nose to the alveoli.Nose-air enters your body through mouth or nose where it is held in nasal cavity or oral cavityPharynx- this is the path way through which the both air and food travel hence important passage for digestive and respiratory tracts.Larynx-After passing pharynx it proceeds to larynx (voice box) where it comes into contact with the glottis.Trachea- The air travels through the trachea (wind pipe) before it leaches the lung s.Bronchi-After air passes through the secondary bronchi it reaches tertiary bronchi which are even the small paths.Bronchioles-They are the finest conducting pathways within the respiratory systems.Alveoli-These are the areas within the lungs where the oxygen is transferred into the blood in exchange for carbon dioxide.10. Explain how pulmonary gas exchange occurs.The exchange takes place in lungs and involves respiratory processes that have contact with external environment. The process removes CO2 from blood and replenishes the blood O2 supply. Gas exchange occur down a pressure gradient via a process known as diffusion. When we breath in we inspire air consisting of O2 and CO2. These gases have pressure related to their concentration within the gas mixture. Difference in partial pressure between the gases in the alveoli and blood create a pressure gradient across respiratory membrane. The gases move from an area of high concertation to area of low concentration. Since the freshl y inspired air in alveoli is high in O2 it diffuses across the membranes into blood where the concentration of O2 is low thus the blood is oxygenated and sent to tissue of the body for use. The expelled blood is high in CO2 and thus diffuses into membrane into alveoli to area of low CO2 concentration. It is the expelled via the lung. For O2 to be absorbed into the blood it binds with hemoglobin.11. Identify three diseases of the respiratory system and state the causes of each disease.Emphysema-caused by smokingMalignant tumors-caused by smoking tobaccoPulmonary edema- leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into alveoli.12.What organs make up the gastrointestinal tract? What are the accessory organs of digestion?Accessory organs of digestion are organs that helps with digestion but is not part of digestive tract. They are tongue, saliva glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.Organs that make up the GI tract are: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestines. 13. Describe peristalsis and its role in digestion.Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves foods to different processing stations in the digestive tract. It begins in esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed. The strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus carry the food to the stomach where it is churned into a liquid mixture called chime. The process continues in small intestine where it mixes and shifts the chime back and forth allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream through small intestinal walls. Peristalsis concludes in large intestine where water from the undigested food material is absorbed into the bloodstream. The waste products are excreted from the body through the rectum and anus.14. Define mechanical and chemical digestion?Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking of the food into smaller pieces and begins in the mouth.Chemical digestion involves breakdown of food into simpler nutrients that can be us ed by the cells.15. Describe the functions of stomach. * The stomach can expand to store the food temporarily. * Partial digestion of the food takes...

Economic Factors Led To Us Stock Market Crash Of 1929 - 2475 Words

Economic Factors That Led To The Us Stock Market Crash Of 1929 (Research Paper Sample) Content: ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT LED TO THE US STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929Name:Course:Date:Economic Factors that Led to the Crash of the US Stock Market on 1929AbstractThe US stock market crash started on the 24th of October in 1929 a Thursday and it became known as the Black Thursday, it was the worst day in the US economic history. The stock prices in the market fell that day and it took years to try and revive the market. Many companies, firms, and people lost their investments when the markets came crashing. Not even one investor was spared and many people could be seen crowding outside Wall Street that day talking with their fellow investors. The crash meant that many companies had fallen completely and the people who had invested in them had lost their money. A mini crash had occurred on March but it was contained and this bought more time for the market. There were many adverse effects of the stock market failing but the worst one was the Great Depression that followed aft er the market tumbled. This paper discusses and focuses on some of the major causes that led to the fall of the stock market in 1929. There are detailed explanations on each point that was a major contributor to the fall and it seeks to explain how all of these happened. It seeks to find the root cause and how the market grew to the point it had reached and where it started to decline. There is a vivid explanation in each step and there are also some highlights on how the economy had grown and the negativity it impacted on the stock market. The rapid growth of the stock market, increase in crop produce, and the increase in the number of banks all laid the foundations for the crash of the stock market on the 24th of October 1929. Overproduction of goods to low consumer levels, buying on the margin, credit boom of the early 20th century, and agricultural recession are some of the causes that led to the crash of the stock market.DiscussionBuying on the margin means that the people coul d buy shares and not pay the full amount required. This meant someone could pay for only 10 to 20 % of the total value of the shares they intended to buy and borrow the remaining percentage. This allowed a lot of money to be put into shares and there were very many margin millionaires. This caused the share prices to rise greatly and they made a lot of profits. All the margin millionaires were vulnerable when the stock prices began to fall and they lost a lot of their money.1 They were wiped out and those that lent them money including banks suffered the loss too. During the period of the 1920s, many people speculated that if they invested in the stock market they would be assured of a solid investment. The continued growth of the stock prices in the market gave the investors an assurance they needed in order to buy. Many people took out loans and invested while others sold some of their assets and to raise funds for investing. 2There was panic when the markets crashed on the Black Thursday causing many people to rush and sell their stock since they did not want to keep on holding to worthless investment. This rampant selling of stock affected the market more and many people did not manage to sell their stock since no one was buying and they were aware of the fall. The stock prices continued to drop for two more years and many people lost their entire savings and many companies were affected. Many people lost their entire life savings and many other assets. 3-63512065001 Sornette, Didier. Why stock markets crash: critical events in complex financial systems. Princeton University Press, 2009.2 White, Eugene N. "The stock market boom and crash of 1929 revisited." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 2 (1990): 67-83.3 Schwert, G. William. "Stock market volatility." Financial analysts journal (1990): 23-34.A great depression followed after the market crash thereby resulting in one of the worst economic periods in the US. The great depression affected other economies and stock markets in the world like the London Stock Exchange.4In the 1920s the financial sector boomed and many banks grew and expanded a lot. The rapid growth in the economy gave people the assurance they needed and so they took loans to invest. They invested in many industries, bought shares in the stock market, started companies, others bought lands to practice farming, and much more. The economy encouraged even the banks, therefore, they invested large chunks of the peoples money while some saw the chance to expand rapidly. Many firms, various sizes of companies, and startups took out large loans to expand their businesses. Other companies also took loans and invested in the stock market.50270954500The wild speculation affected the people who took loans as they anticipated more growth expecting to pay back their loans soon. The stock prices began to fall and all those who took loans to invest in the stock market were affected. A large population of the productive peop le in the country were in debt to various financial institutions and the banks too were affected as they had used the peoples deposit for other projects. This means that people were highly indebted and therefore, they were highly exposed and more vulnerable to any change in confidence. The change came in 1929 and they were in fear so they sold rapidly whatever shares they had acquired in order not to lose a lot and redeem their debts.64 Amadeo K. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Facts, Causes, and Impact. (2017).5 Pettinger T. What Caused the Wall Street Crash of 1929? (2012). The Balance Inc.6 Schwert, G. William. "Stock volatility and the crash of87." Review of financial Studies 3, no. 1 (1990): 77-102.In the decade after the World War I the agricultural sector was in a mess as it struggled to maintain its profitability. Many farmers gave up their economic activity and were carried with the wave of industrialization because it was the new thing. There was a new economic climate in th e country and this posed a threat to the agricultural economy. Many farmers were greatly affected as they were driven out of business since they could not compete with the new climate. The people who had large tracts of land were able to apply the new trends of agricultural technology to their farms. The development and innovations in agriculture increased the supply of farm produce in the country. The major problem was that the increase in food supply was at a very high rate compared to the increase in demand for food.7279403006090The overproduction of food meant that there was no market for all the farm produce and there was an oversupply. The oversupply affected the market prices of food and it fell affecting both the small-scale and large- scale farmers. Their incomes dropped hugely and they were left with little money yet with a lot of crops that had no market. There was a change in the market as many small-scale farmers were forced to move to the cities to look for a living af ter the disappointment they had. 8 Many of the farmers did not have skills in any other profession meaning they were unskilled, it was very hard for them to find jobs anywhere. Many were depressed and those that had invested heavily in their farms were the most affected. 9 Some farmers had taken loans to finance their economic activity and most had listed their farms7 Romer, Christina D. "The great crash and the onset of the great depression." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 105, no. 3 (1990): 597-624.8 Bhide, Amar. "The hidden costs of stock market liquidity." Journal of financial economics 34, no. 1 (1993): 31-51.9 Shiller, Robert J. Irrational exuberance. Princeton university press, 2015.as the securities to their loans. Most lost their farms as the banks were forced to possess them in order to recover the loans they took.Another factor that attributed to the fall of the stock market was the weak banking system in the country. This was caused because the country had very many growing medium firms and the banks were more than 30000. The cash deposits to the banks were not usually of a substantial amount as they competed for whatever amount of money that was available. The banks were at a very high risk of becoming bankrupt in case there was a run on the deposits.11The banks that were the most affected were those in rural areas when there was the agricultural recession. The rural areas were mainly made up of farmers and the banks major customers in those areas were the farmers. More than 5000 banks collapsed between 1923 and 1930.The banks became bankrupt and they collapsed bearing an adverse effect to the economy. Many people who were employed in the banks lost their jobs and the banks were not hiring any more, they were cutting down on their staff. The people who had their money in the banks were greatly affected as they lost their money when the banks went down. Many people were left penniless, hopeless, and jobless and this state increased the poverty levels in the country.1219050863600010. Bordo, Michael D., Angela Redish, and Hugh Rockoff. "Why didn't Canada have a banking crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or)?"The Economic History Review68, no. 1 (2015): 218-243.11. Bordo, Michael D., and Joseph G. Haubrich. "Deep recessions, fast recoveries, and financial crises: Evidence from the American record."Economic Inquiry55, no. 1 (2017): 527-541.12. Laeven, Luc. "The development of local capital markets: rationale and challenges." (2014).The advent of the 20th century saw many companies grow and there were a lot of inventions too. The banking industry was growing rapidly and many new banks were being opened to cater for the newly rich. The newly rich were the young people who were working in the stock market, the industries, the banks, the inven...